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Kenny AM, Prestwood KM, Gruman CA, Marcello KM, Raisz LG (2001). "Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels". J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56 (5): M266–72. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.5.M266. PMID 11320105. Notes: Testosterone cypionate has similar pharmacokinetics to Testosterone enanthate. Footnotes: a = Never marketed. Sources: See template.
Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives - Healthline Anabolic Steroids: Uses, Side Effects, and Alternatives -
However, it's illegal to possess, import or export anabolic steroids if it's believed you're supplying or selling them. This includes giving them to friends. The penalty is an unlimited fine, or even a prison sentence of up to 14 years. Pan MM, et al. (2016). Beyond testosterone cypionate: Evidence behind the use of nandrolone in male health and wellness. DOI: pyramiding: starting with small doses and then taking more and more, followed by reducing the amount again
Regularly taking anabolic steroids can lead to physical and psychological changes in both men and women, as well as potentially dangerous medical conditions. Physical effects
anabolic - PubMed How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic
Gullett NP, et al. (2010). Update on clinical trials of growth factors and anabolic steroids in cachexia and wasting. DOI:The most commonly employed human physiological specimen for detecting AAS usage is urine, although both blood and hair have been investigated for this purpose. The AAS, whether of endogenous or exogenous origin, are subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways. The primary urinary metabolites may be detectable for up to 30 days after the last use, depending on the specific agent, dose and route of administration. A number of the drugs have common metabolic pathways, and their excretion profiles may overlap those of the endogenous steroids, making interpretation of testing results a very significant challenge to the analytical chemist. Methods for detection of the substances or their excretion products in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. [185] [186] [187] [188] History [ edit ] Introduction of various anabolic steroids
Legal Steroids: Do They Work and Are They Safe? - Healthline Legal Steroids: Do They Work and Are They Safe? - Healthline
Anabolic steroids are manufactured drugs that copy the effects of the male hormone testosterone. They have limited medical uses and are not the same as corticosteroids, a different type of steroid drug that's more commonly prescribed. Are anabolic steroids illegal? Renal: renal hypertrophy, nephropathy, acute renal failure (secondary to rhabdomyolysis), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, renal cell carcinoma. Hepatic: elevated liver function tests ( AST Tooltip aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Tooltip alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, LDH Tooltip lactic dehydrogenase, ALP Tooltip alkaline phosphatase), hepatotoxicity, jaundice, hepatic steatosis, hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholestasis, peliosis hepatis; all mostly or exclusively with 17α-alkylated AAS. [84]Growth stimulation: AAS can be used by pediatric endocrinologists to treat children with growth failure. [11] However, the availability of synthetic growth hormone, which has fewer side effects, makes this a secondary treatment. The traditional routes of administration do not have differential effects on the efficacy of the drug. Studies indicate that the anabolic properties of AAS are relatively similar despite the differences in pharmacokinetic principles such as first-pass metabolism. However, the orally available forms of AAS may cause liver damage in high doses. [8] [75] Adverse effects [ edit ] Bird SR, et al. (2016). Doping in sport and exercise: Anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. DOI:
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